Seminar report on CDMA – Code division multiple access
This paper is intended to provide an introduction to CDMA use in wireless telephone systems. The focus is on explaining, in generally non-technical language, both the key aspects of CDMA technology, and the primary benefits the technology offers to wireless communication system operators and their subscribers. There is a tremendous amount of detailed technical information which is intentionally not covered in this forum.
It has been necessary, though, to assume at least a rudimentary familiarity with cellular telephone systems, including the basic characteristics of radio and the RF spectrum, as well as fundamental system design concepts such as frequency re-use.
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Training report for communication engineering
Communication is an important part of our daily life. The communication process involves information generation, transmission, reception and interpretation. As needs for various types of communication such as voice, images, video and data communications increase demands for large transmission capacity also increase. This need for large capacity has driven the rapid development of light wave technology; a worldwide industry has developed. An optical or light wave communication system is a system that uses light waves as the carrier for transmission. An optical communication system mainly involves three parts. Transmitter, receiver and channel. In optical communication transmitters are light sources, receivers are light detectors and the channels are optical fibers. In optical communication the channel i.e, optical fibers play an important role because it carries the data from transmitter to the receiver. Hence, here we shall discuss mainly about optical fibers.
Training Seminar report on Optical Fibers in Communication
Seminar report on Fiber Optics, and telecommunication.
Communication is an important part of our daily life. The communication process involves information generation, transmission, reception and interpretation As needs for various types of communication such as voice, images, video and data communications increase demands for large transmission capacity also increase. This need for large capacity has driven the rapid development of light wave technology; a worldwide industry has developed.
Final year engineering seminar project report on optical fiber communication.
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Wi-MAX stands for “worldwide interoperability of microwave access” and is a standards-based wireless technology that provides high-throughput broadband connections over long distances. Its applications, includes ‘last mile’ broadband connections, ‘hotspot and cellular backhaul’, and ‘high-speed enterprise connectivity’ for businesses.
An implementation of the IEEE 802.16 standard, Wi-Max provides metropolitan area network connectivity at speeds up to 75 Mb/sec. It operates on the synonymous general principles as Wi-Fi and consigns data from one computer to another via radio signals.
Wi-Max systems ‘first and foremost’ consist of a Wi-Max tower which can provide coverage to a gargantuan area of 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km) by using an encrypted data keys to prevent unauthorized users from stealing access and a Wi-Max receiver including a receiver and an antenna in a small box or PCMCIA car.
Topics covered in this Wi-Max Seminar report are :
- Microwave
- Local Access Challenges
- The Solution
- Where did the idea of WiMAX come from?
- Why we require WiMax
- TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES OVER WIFI
- IEEE 802.16 STANDARDS
- How WiMAX Works
- WIMAX Applications
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DTH is no a new technology and it has matured to its full potential in other parts of the world. There are many applications been found everyday for exploitation of benefits of DTH?
The word ‘DTH’ is synonymous with transmission of digital video channel to home subscriber’s using a small dish antenna. The DTH utilizes a technology which enables a home to receive high speed internet broadband access data communication, voice over internet protocol (IP) telephony and much more using an open standard Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) technology. The video channels are received with a suitable set top box. Capable of demodulating Motion Picture Engg. Group (MPEG-2) standard videos. It is for the return channel required for other services such as , voice over internet protocol and broadband access data communications , that a return channel is also required for the home terminal. The return channel via the satellite is called RCS and is an open standard.
Hardware compatible with DVB-RCS technology are readily available in the market in both Ku-band and C-band. DVB-RCS is an international open standard for multimedia satellite network where the return data rates in access of 2 Mbps are possible using low cost user terminals. The forward ink is usually at 40 Mbps.
What is DTH?
DTH stands for Direct-To-Home television. DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programs with a personal dish in an individual home.
DTH does away with the need for the local cable operator and puts the broadcaster directly in touch with the consumer. Only cable operators can receive satellite programs and they then distribute them to individual homes.
How does DTH work?
A DTH network consists of a broadcasting centre, satellites, encoders, multiplexers, modulators and DTH receivers. A DTH service provider has to lease Ku-band transponders from the satellite. The encoder converts the audio, video and data signals into the digital format and the multiplexer mixes these signals. At the user end, there will be a small dish antenna and set-top boxes to decode and view numerous channels. On the user’s end, receiving dishes can be as small as 45 cm in diametre.
DTH is an encrypted transmission that travels to the consumer directly through a satellite. DTH transmission is received directly by the consumer at his end through the small dish antenna. A set-top box, unlike the regular cable connection, decodes the encrypted transmission.
Download : Full Seminar report DTH (Ditect To Home)
The need for Internet Protocol (IP)-based network security is already evident. In today’s massively interconnected business world of the Internet, intranets, branch offices, and remote access, sensitive information constantly crosses the networks. The challenge for network administrators and other information service professionals is to ensure that this traffic is:
- Safe from data modification while en route.
- Safe from interception, viewing, or copying.
- Safe from being accessed by unauthenticated parties.
These issues are known as data integrity, confidentiality, and authentication. In addition, replay protection prevents acceptance of a packet that has been captured and later resent.
For these reasons, Internet Protocol security, or IPSec, was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPSec supports network-level authentication, data integrity and encryption. IPSec integrates with the nherent security of the Windows operating system to provide the ideal platform for safeguarding intranet and Internet communications. 
IP security uses industry-standard encryption algorithms and a comprehensive security management approach to provide security for all TCP/IP communications on both sides of an organization’s firewall. The result is a Windows , end-to-end security strategy that defends against both external and internal attacks.
IP security is deployed below the transport layer, sparing network managers (and software vendors) the difficulty and expense of trying to deploy and coordinate security one application at a time. By simply deploying Windows IP security, network managers provide a strong layerof protection for the entire network, with applications automatically nheriting from IPSec-enabled servers and clients.
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Telecommunications was the most discussed subject of the past decade. From Wi-Fi to WiMax, and from cellphones to smartphones, the sky is the limit for heated debates. There are now diverse media for communications and the rate of phone calls have dropped drastically. Now we are totally connected, through not only the much improved phone lines but also the internet, wireless networks and gadgets that allow us to stay connected anywhere and at anytime. Developments are so fast that even before a technology becomes the market rule, another is already out to replace it. While we talk about 4G, we are still stuck with 2.5G networks. But then it is the characteristics of the humans to keep innovating.
This report includes wireless telephonic generations as the central theme. Wireless phone standards have the life of their own. They are spoken of reverently in terms of generations.
This report has been written with the goal of making it as easy as possible for everyone to understand properly. This has been done by giving the details of the history of wireless telephonic generation and its present scenario, also by giving different examples and diagrams wherever possible.
This report includes the introduction of all the generations i.e. 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G and the cellular evolution over the years. It also includes the study of various technologies that were present in different generations.
Following topics are covered in this Seminar report
- Preface
- Introduction
- What is 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G
- Cellular Evolution over the Years
- 1G
- Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
- 2G
- Global System for Mobile
- Communications (GSM)
- 2.5G
- General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
- 2.75G
- CDMA2000 1XRTT (Radio Transmission Technology)
- Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
- 3G
- CDMA2000
- CDMA2000 1XEV
- Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
- 3.5G
- High Speed Download Packet Access (HSDPA)
- 3.75G
- High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
- Data Speed
- 4G
- Reasons to have 4G
- What’s new in 4G
- Comparison of 3G and 4G
- Revolution 4G
- Broadband and wireless ubiquity
- 4G architecture
- Radio access
- From 3G to 4G
- ZigBee
- UWB
- WiBro
- Wireless System Discovery
- 4G: the future look
Download : 3G to 4G Tele Communication Seminar Report
The name, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) doesn’t convey much information to the non-technical user. Describing it as providing a direct link into the Internet from a GSM phone, is much clearer. GPRS is to mobile networks what DSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is to fixed telephone networks – the favoured solution for providing fast and inexpensive Internet links.
GPRS will undoubtedly speed up a handset’s Internet connection – but it remains to be seen exactly how much speed can be wrung out of the system. GPRS works by amalgamating (aggregating) a number of separate data channels. This is easible because data is being broken down into small ‘packets’ which are re-assembled by the receiving handset back into their original format. The catch is that he number of receiving channels does not necessarily have to match the number of sending channels. On the Internet, it is assumed that you want to view more nformation (such as a complicated Web page) than you want to send (such as a simple Yes or No response). So GPRS is an asymmetric technology because the number of ‘down’ channels used to receive data doesn’t match the number of ‘up’ hannels used to send data.
The task of defining GPRS has been the responsibility of the Special Mobile Group (SMG) – part of the 3GPP initiative (3rd Generation Partnership Project). Rather than wait for the final version of the SMG standard some manufacturers ecided to go with GPRS handsets which conformed to an earlier version of the specifications known as SMG29. This basically offers two ‘down’ channels and a ingle ‘up’ channel. In practice each channel is offering around 12-13 Kbit/s so the top speeds works out to be around 26 Kbit/s. Most experts agree, however that full nteroperability between products will come with SMG 31. This is capable of offering four ‘down’ channels which equates to a top speed of around 52 Kbit/s – the same as a high speed (V.90) landline modem.
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What is a Protocol? What is this stuff? Well, a Protocol is a set of rules, which is used for connecting some
computers in a network. As for example a man goes to some different land and want to find his destination. Then there should be some standard pattern for such people to talk to each other or to
communicate. These standard patterns are some set of rules with which you need to send your data to this distant land and talk to the person. Thus there is standard set of Protocols without which our communication is impossible for the Network Of Networks or INTERNET. These Protocols are thus called INTERNET PROTOCOLS.
The day will arrive, hastened by Mobile IP, when no person will ever feel “lost” or out of touch. As people move from place to place with their laptop, keeping connected to the network can become a challenging and sometimes frustrating and expensive proposition. The goal is that with widespread deployment of the mobile networking technologies described here automatic communications with globally inter-connected computing resources will be considered as natural for people on the move as it is for people sitting at a high performance workstation in heir office. In the near future communicating via laptop should be as natural as using telephone.
Although the Internet offers access to information sources worldwide, typically we do not expect to benefit from that access until we arrive at some familiar point –whether home, office, or school. However, the increasing variety of wireless devices offering IP connectivity, such as personal digital assistants, handhelds, and digital cellular phones, is beginning to change ur perceptions of the Internet.
Mobile IP is a proposed standard protocol that builds on the Internet Protocol by making mobility transparent to applications and higher-level protocols like TCP. This paper aims at discussing the design principles of Mobile IP and how it can be incorporated with the already existing Internet architecture.
There are mainly three processes in Mobile IP:
1. Agent Discovery: The process by which a Mobile node determines its current location and obtains the care of address.
2. Registration: The process by which a Mobile node request service from a foreign agent on foreign link and informs its home agent of its current care-off address.
3. Tunneling: The specific mechanism by which packets are routed to and from a Mobile node hat is connected to a foreign link.
Mobile Computing is becoming increasingly important due to the rise in the number of portable computers and the desire to have continuous network connectivity to the Internet irrespective of the physical location of the node. The Internet infrastructure is built on top of a collection of protocols, called the TCP/IP protocol suite. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) nd Internet Protocol (IP) are the core protocols in this suite. IP requires the location of any host connected to the Internet to be uniquely identified by an assigned IP address. This raises one of he most important issues in mobility, because when a host moves to another physical location, it has to change its IP address. However, the higher level protocols require IP address of a host toe fixed for identifying connections.
ISDN is a type of digital phone/data and internet service that preceded ADSL (asynchronous digital subscriber line) and has for the most part been superceded by it.
Normal telephone lines carry analog signals that must be amplified and converted to digital signals by the phone company. This process introduces not a slight lag time, but also distortion in the signal. Dial-Modems and telephone are examples of equipments that use analog signals.ISDN makes use of digital signals running along existing copper lines to increase the data throughout, reduce line noise and enhance signal quality. In the mid 1990s, ADSL was very expensive not widely available. Companies and individuals wanted a faster way to connect to the internet; but the technology behind dial-up modems had reached its threshold. ISDN became a viable alternative to provide speeds of up to 128 kilobits per second, versus the standard connection of 30-53 kbps with a dial-up modem.
The most common type of ISDN service for internet onnection is the Basic Rate Interface, ISDN BRI. This technology creates two B-channels on the existing copper lines of 64 kbps each, along with a single 16 kbps D-channel for the hone line. This separates data channel from the voice channel, allowing telephone or fax use while online.
While ISDN is inexpensive and about twice as fast as dial-up service. It has been largely replaced by affordable DSL service. An inexpensive ADSL service offers speeds up to 384 kbps, while more expensive versions are improving in speed all the ime. As of fall 2005, standard ADSL speeds range between 1.5 and 3.0 mbps, or 1536-3072 kbps. Although isdn may not be the best choice for packet-switching networks like the internet, it is till likely used for professional audio and broadcast applications where digital clarity with integrated services is specifically required. Small businesses that often used two voice lines, such as phone and fax, and only require limited internet connectivity, say, an hour or less per day , may prefer an isdn. Isdn might also be a better choice of high-speed connections to ntranets for video conferencing, or to remote networks other than the internet.
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Communication Engineering | Admin April 18, 2010 | 
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