A smart grid [1] delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital technology to control appliances at consumers’ homes to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency.
It is capable of assessing its health in real-time, predicting its behavior, anticipatory behavior, adaptation to new environments, handling distributed resources, stochastic demand, and optimal response to the smart appliances. It is a tool that allows electric utilities to focus on evolving true business drivers by enabling cost containment, end-to-end power delivery control, and a more secure infrastructure.
The grid is considered to have observability with nodes data integration and analysis to support advances in system operation and control. This includes power delivery integration and high level utility strategic planning functions.
The existing transmission and distribution systems use techniques and strategies that are old and there is limited use of digital communication and control technology. To achieve improved, reliable and economical power delivery information flow and secure integrated communication is proposed.
The Smart Grid with intelligent functions is expected to provide self-correction, reconfiguration and restoration, and able to handle randomness of loads and market participants in real time, while creating more complex interaction behavior with intelligent devices, communication protocols, standard and smart algorithms to achieve complex interaction with smart communication and transportation systems.
smart grid.doc (1 MB)
Underwater networks of sensors have the potential to enable unexplored applications and to enhance our ability to observe and predict the ocean. Unmanned or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (UUVs, AUVs), equipped with underwater sensors, are also
envisioned to find application in exploration of natural undersea resources and gathering of scientific data in collaborative monitoring missions. These potential applications will be made viable by enabling communications among underwater devices. Under Water Acoustic Sensor Networks (UW-ASNs) will consist of sensors and vehicles deployed underwater and networked via acoustic links to perform collaborative monitoring tasks. Underwater acoustic sensor networks can enable a broad range of applications, including:
• Ocean Sampling Networks. Networks of sensors and AUVs can perform synoptic, cooperative adaptive sampling of the 3D coastal ocean environment.
• Environmental Monitoring. UW-ASN can perform pollution monitoring (chemical, biological, and nuclear), monitoring of ocean currents and winds, improved weather forecast, detecting climate change, understanding and predicting the effect of human activities on marine ecosystems, and biological monitoring such as tracking of fishes or micro-organisms.
Shallow Water Acoustic Networks.pdf (225 KB)
Seminar report on CDMA – Code division multiple access
This paper is intended to provide an introduction to CDMA use in wireless telephone systems. The focus is on explaining, in generally non-technical language, both the key aspects of CDMA technology, and the primary benefits the technology offers to wireless communication system operators and their subscribers. There is a tremendous amount of detailed technical information which is intentionally not covered in this forum.
It has been necessary, though, to assume at least a rudimentary familiarity with cellular telephone systems, including the basic characteristics of radio and the RF spectrum, as well as fundamental system design concepts such as frequency re-use.
Download full seminar report on CDMA
Seminar report on RSA Cryptosystem for BCA MCA students.
In this seminar report, we review public key cryptography, and RSA
public cyryptosystem in particular.
RSA public cryptosystem is a asymmetrical cryptosystem: it uses a
pair of keys, one of which is used to encrypt the data in such a way that
it can only be decrypted with the other key. The keys are generated
by a common process, but they can not be feasably generated from each
other. The relation between these keys relies on a NP-hard problem: in
virtually all cases, the function is a one-way function. There are a number
of such one-way functions that various cryptographic algorithms rely on,
including integer factorization, discrete logarithm, etc.
Download full seminar report on RSA Cryptosystem.
Training report for communication engineering
Communication is an important part of our daily life. The communication process involves information generation, transmission, reception and interpretation. As needs for various types of communication such as voice, images, video and data communications increase demands for large transmission capacity also increase. This need for large capacity has driven the rapid development of light wave technology; a worldwide industry has developed. An optical or light wave communication system is a system that uses light waves as the carrier for transmission. An optical communication system mainly involves three parts. Transmitter, receiver and channel. In optical communication transmitters are light sources, receivers are light detectors and the channels are optical fibers. In optical communication the channel i.e, optical fibers play an important role because it carries the data from transmitter to the receiver. Hence, here we shall discuss mainly about optical fibers.
Training Seminar report on Optical Fibers in Communication
Seminar report on Morphing Techonolgy.
Introduction:
Andalite morphing technology is a fairly recent technological development, according to Prince Elfangor in The Andalite Chronicles. The technology is a closely guarded secret, and is normally only given to and used by members of the Andalite species; the only non-Andalites to morph are the five human Animorphs, Visser Three, David, the temporary sixth Animorph, the Auxiliary Animorphs, and various creatures which accidentally or deliberately operated the Escafil device. Near the end of the series, the Yeerks managed to obtain the Escafil device and gained morphing abilities.
Seminar report on Morphing Technology
iSCSI, in contrast, enables IP-native SANs. iSCSI solutions consist of iSCSI initiators in the server, connected to iSCSI targets (native iSCSI storage systems), by means of standard Gigabit Ethernet infrastructure (switches and cables). iSCSI is particularly interesting for storage consolidation solutions for server applications in environments where simplicity, flexibility, and price/performance are critical IT decision factors. It is also an excellent basis for cost effective and efficient backup and disaster recovery solutions.
iSCSI brings Ethernet economics to storage. Ethernet switching components are on average 30% to 50% of the cost of their FC counterparts, amortizing the economies of scale of billions of IP ports deployed worldwide. As with all of the IP storage protocols, iSCSI administration requires only the familiar networking expertise of IP networks – the standard skill set required of every IT admin. iSCSI leverages IP’s proven record of hardware interoperability, giving decision makers the flexibility of choosing from multiple vendors and sources.
The IETF implemented multiple security layers within iSCSI making it the most secure storage network protocol. These security measures are based on mature standards such as IPSec and CHAP. Administrators have the flexibility of implementing various layers of security within the iSCSI SAN based on business needs.
With iSCSI, administrators have three options to choose from when connecting servers to the storage: Software Initiators, Software Initiators with TOE cards, and iSCSI Host Bus Adapters (HBAs). The Software Initiators are free drivers available from the Operating System vendors. They can use either regular Ethernet server ports, NIC cards or accelerated TOE cards (TCP/IP Offload Engines). The iSCSI HBA offloads the entire iSCSI and networking stack onto the hardware adaptor.
RedTacton is a Human Area Networking technology, which is under development that uses the surface of the human body as a safe, high speed network transmission path. It is completely distinct from wireless and infrared technologies as it uses the minute electric field emitted on the surface of the human body.
RedTacton enables the first practical Human Area Network between body-centered electronic devices and PCs or other network devices embedded in the environment via a new generation of user interface based on totally natural human actions such as touching, holding, sitting, walking, or stepping on a particular spot. RedTacton can be used for intuitive operation of computer-based systems in daily life, temporary one-to-one private networks based on personal handshaking, device personalization, security, and a host of other applications based on new behavior patterns enabled by RedTacton.
It is an art which deals with conscious arrangement or organization of outdoor space for human satisfaction and enjoyment.
Some of its major goals include :-
Organizing and developing the site for maximum use and pleasure.
Creating a visual relationship between the house and the site.
Reducing landscape maintenance to a practical level.
Dealing with health and stress management, energy conservation, noise control, erosion control, pollution control.
Environmental Benefits
Air Quality :-
Trees are an efficient and cost-effective way for a community to improve its air quality and reduce pollution. A mature tree absorbs between 120-240 pounds per year of small particles and gases, like carbon-dioxide, which are released into the air by automobiles and industrial facilities. In addition, a single tree produces nearly three-quarters of the oxygen required for one person; and a canopy of trees in an urban environment can slash smog levels up to six percent. American Forests reports that just 25,000 acres of forest can offset the equivalent emissions of 10 billion automobile miles.
Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one, apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the existence of the message, a form of security through obscurity. The word steganography is of Greek origin and means “concealed writing” from the greek words steganos meaning covered or protected, and graphein (???????) meaning to write. The first recorded use of the term was in 1499 by Johannes Trithemius in his Steganographia, a treatise on cryptography and steganography disguised as a book on magic. Generally, messages will appear to be something else: images, articles, shopping lists, or some other covertext and, classically, the hidden message may be in invisible ink between the visible lines of a private letter.
The advantage of steganography, over cryptography alone, is that messages do not attract attention to themselves. Plainly visible encrypted messages—no matter how unbreakable—will arouse suspicion, and may in themselves be incriminating in countries where encryption is illegal.[1] Therefore, whereas cryptography protects the contents of a message, steganography can be said to protect both messages and communicating parties.
Steganography includes the concealment of information within computer files. In digital steganography, electronic communications may include steganographic coding inside of a transport layer, such as a document file, image file, program or protocol. Media files are ideal for steganographic transmission because of their large size. As a simple example, a sender might start with an innocuous image file and adjust the color of every 100th pixel to correspond to a letter in the alphabet, a change so subtle that someone not specifically looking for it is unlikely to notice it.
Download full seminar report on Steganography.
Electronics Engineering | Guest May 24, 2010 | 
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